Blood Typing - 1457 Words

EXPERIMENT 3 BLOOD TYPÄ °NG ABSTRACT The purpose of this lab is to determine the blood type of two samples. The objectives of the blood typing lab were to learn about antigens and the consequences of incompatibility, blood typing, and to illustrate antigen-antibody complexes and agglutination. INTRODUCTION Red blood cells have glycoproteins on their surface which act like flags to identify the cells. The glycoproteins are coded for by the blood type genes A, B, and O. Unlike Complete Dominance where one gene totally masks another (i.E. vs. t), the blood type genes, A and B, are Co-dominant or equally dominant. Therefore, an individual with the genotype AB will possess both A-type glycoproteins and B-type glycoproteins on their†¦show more content†¦If a potential donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor (or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the product would need to be appropriately labeled); therefore, donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies, and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D negative, a s long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible MATERIAL-METHOD For the blood test, lancet, microscope slide, anti-A serum, anti-B serum, anti-Rh serum were used. First, the finger punctured with the lancet. Then one drop of blood was touched in the left of the slide, in the middle of slide, and in the right of slide. Only three drops of blood was used. Afterward, one drop of anti-A serum dripped onto the left of the slide, one drop of anti-B serum dripped onto the middle of the slide, anti-Rh serum onto the right of the slide. If the antigen is present, the erythrocytes will agglutinate but if it is not present, the solution remains cloudy. We applied this test in our friend that is Venus. Her blood type is AB Rh+. And we saw the agglutinate in left, middle and right of the slide. ThatShow MoreRelatedBlood Typing And The Blood Of The Donor Blood1424 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: Blood typing is one of the tests that will determine a person’s blood type. Although, all blood is made of the same basic elements but they are not same by their blood typing. In fact, there are eight different common blood types. Based on certain substances of antigen presence or absence and Rh factors we will able to identify the person blood types. Those substances can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Blood typing is important when you need a blood transfusionRead MoreEssay on Bone Marrow Transplants1155 Words   |  5 Pagesremoving damaged parts of the body and replacing them with healthy organs to cure the patient with a disease. World War II brought research in tissue transplantation to the forefront: skin grafts for burn victims, blood transfusions required careful AOB blood typing and monitoring of blood group antibodies; and high doses of radiation lead to bone marrow failure and death. Massive radiation exposures provided an opportunity for advancement therapies for bone marrow failure syndrome and leukemia. TheRead MoreEssay about Case Study 28 Days652 Words   |  3 Pages28 days What is the molecule responsible for oxygen transport by blood? Hemoglobin is the molecule that is responsible for oxygen transport by blood. What is blood pressure a measure of? Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood that is against the arterial walls. The innermost aspect of the digestive tract is lined with what tissue type? The innermost aspect of the digestive tract is lined with epithelial tissue. As we age, what happens to the digestive tract? As peopleRead MoreUse Of Test Tubes And Their Purpose1018 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone collecting some blood specimen, you see them with these colored top test tubes. Each test tube has different functions and purpose why they have colored tops. According to McCall, Tankersley, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins (2008), many hospitals and clinics normally use the following test tubes: Lavender Topped Tubes contain an EDTA as the anticoagulant for whole blood sample which prevents clotting of the blood. They are important to fill the correct EDTA and blood ratio where it must beRead MoreMuscle System, Cardiovacular and Respitatory System, Paragraphs913 Words   |  4 Pageswould start burst and not function anymore, which will make his body start to shut down. Specifically, red blood cells are found in a very aqueous solution where this distilled water is inserted into the body directly and would be the first to suffer. Since the cells have more solutes inside, the water would rush inside of the red blood cells, rupturing them until there weren’t enough red blood cells left to carry oxygen to the muscles. This could cause several different problems such as stroke, kidneyRead MoreBlood Is Our Body s Transportation System Of Nutrients And Can Be A Gift For Saving Your Life1713 Words   |  7 Pagesof giving blood. Blood is an amazing fluid that feeds, tak es away the waste and carries oxygen to all cells in our body (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston 182). So, why give blood and what do I need to do to contribute. Blood donations are used in various ways, such as transfusions, research, medical emergencies or trauma. Blood drives take place day in and day out to help supply the constant need of blood. Knowing some facts and the use of blood, may change my mind on why I should give. Blood is our body’sRead MoreWays Your Career Is Killing You877 Words   |  4 Pagesany pain or discomfort, your body could be at risk for developing a number of ailments and unwanted health conditions like the following: Varicose veins caused by sitting or standing for long periods Obesity caused by lack of movement Blood clots due to poor blood circulation Chronic joint pain due to inflammation and/or overuse Back pain caused by poor posture due to job requirements Top 10 Careers Causing Venous Disease When your career requires you to stand on your feet all day long or to sitRead More Ergonomics Essay example1097 Words   |  5 Pagesswivels easily. Do you need armrests on your chair? If so, are the armrests broad, cushioned and comfortable? While sitting can you adjust the height of the armrests and can you move the armrests closer together or further apart? Keyboard in the ideal typing posture both static and dynamic muscle loads are minimized. This posture is achieved when the keyboard is below seated elbow height and the keyboard base is gently sloped away from the user so that the key tops are accessible to the hands in a neutralRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Distinctive Bloodstain Patterns Essay2039 Words   |  9 Pagesdistinctive bloodstain patterns are used to provide investigative information about the type of activity at the scene. More so, the composition of materials in a given surface provides the foundation of blood pattern interpretation. 2. If a blood stain is perfectly round, then it implies that the blood stroked a horizontal surface at an angle of 90 degrees. 3. The bloodstain angle is used to indicate the flight path as well as the distance from the impact surface. 4. The point of origin is used toRead MoreCase Study: Crime Investigation of a Death in Las Vegas Essay2240 Words   |  9 Pagesbetween suicide and homicide. Blood analysis can be performed for various reasons. This is including obtaining DNA from blood, blood group typing and chemical analysis. Chemical analysis is important in this case since drug overdose is suspected. Drugs in blood are detectable from minutes to hours depending on the drug, and blood is most reliable sample for interpretation of drug use. Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Prior to drug detection analysis with blood, the sample is centrifuged

Gender Bias in the Workplace Its Origin, Cases and...

Gender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions Gender bias has long been an issue in the workplace. For decades women have suffered not only a pay gap but also an authority gap. In my paper I will outline how gender bias has taken shape within the workplace and its components. It is key that we not only study the components of the gender gap but also examine how they took root. One would think that gender bias would have subsided considerably but this is not the case. Over the decades it has grown and grown and made it even harder for progress to take shape. The Problem Over fifty years ago, in 1963, the U.S. Congress passed one of the most heralded and controversial laws in its history. This law was the Equal Pay Act of 1963. For years those fighting for equal rights looked at simply racial disparities. However, this was a major step for women in the workplace. Women had fought for decades for the rights to vote and then again for work place equality. Finally, the federal government had sided with the rights of women and sought to stop some of the injustices that had taken place. While this was a major step for women in the workplace there is no doubt that it has corroded over time. Today, women make up about half of the U.S. workforce (Gilbeman, 23). Women are not only succeeding in the workforce but also in the classroom. Women not only have higher scores on standardized tests but also have a higher rate of college graduation (Gilbeman, 23). ProfessionalShow MoreRelatedDiversity in the Workplace1452 Words   |  6 Pagesemploys a diverse workfor ce in that includes both genders, people of many generations and those from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds. In daily vocation operations diversity is alleged to assist appreciate and understand the demographics of the marketplace it serves and in effect creates greater accomplishment in the marketplace. Employee satisfaction is significant to an organisations goal, so a company that supports diversity of its workplace not only gratifies workers but also increaseRead MoreManagement of Diversity1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthe first things which come to mind are age, sexual orientation, race and gender. In Workforce America! Managing Employee Diversity as a Vital Resource, diversity is defined as: â€Å"otherness or those human qualities that are different from our own and outside the groups to which we belong, yet present in other individuals and groups.† â€Å"The dimensions of diversity are further expanded but not limited to: age, ethnicity, gender, race, physical abilities/qualities, sexual orientation, education, geographicalRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation1581 Words   |  7 Pagesdefines the values of the system in a changing society. Recent trends affecting the criminal justice system are related to gender and racial barriers. According to Roslyn Muraskin and Albert R. Roberts (2009 ), assessments of statuses of women and minorities in police work shows that there are obstacles in official and informal structures of police work organizations related to gender and race. Regardless of assessment studies, which show that women are effective patrol officers, organizational principlesRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity History and Laws1574 Words   |  7 Pagesorder to prevent bias, prejudice, bigotry, and inequity against anyone due to physical abilities, race, religion, gender, or age. EEO strives to assure that all applicants, male and female alike and all ethnic groups have a fair chance in the hiring process, in competing for advancement, and each employee must have the same access to development probabilities. Equal Employment Opportunity is based on equality and it is encompassed by a series of statutes in tended to proscribe workplace discriminationRead MoreAssignment 3 : Human Resources Management1461 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Allen September 29, 2014 LS 625 Assignment 3 – Human Resources Management Issue CASE STUDY: Read Part One of the text: Chapters 1-4. Write a description of a problematic situation or incident that you have witnessed or experienced in your workplace. The situation or incident should focus on a human resource management issue. In detailing the incident, begin with an overview of the circumstances surrounding the initial development of the problem. Include specific details, the people involvedRead MoreArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action1494 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action Ronald Spears 16 March 2012 Constitution Law Bonnie Ronson Wiregrass Tech. College Online Abstract: The terms affirmative action refer to policies that take race, ethnicity, or gender into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity or increase ethnic or other forms of diversity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs. The impetus towards affirmative actionRead MoreInternal Structural Barriers And Training Required For Senior Management Advancement3320 Words   |  14 Pagescomplaints seriously. Furthermore, there has to be a strong case of evidence or at least some type of speculation involved before a case can even be considered. Lastly, under this category, minorities suffer due to inadequate reporting systems that are in place to be the mediator for the glass ceiling phenomenon. †¢ Others - We can press on further to bring other issues to the forefront such as the lack of family oriented programs within the workplace. This issue would probably be specific to women, whichRead MoreEssay on Diversity and Inclusion at Dell, Inc.2188 Words   |  9 Pageshis or her own experiences, views, beliefs philosophies and ideologies. Fortunately, these distinctive differences that have become a driving force for change and acceptance in the workplace environment. â€Å"Workforce diversity acknowledges the reality that people differ in many ways, visible or invisible, [by] age, gender, marital status, social status, disability, sexual orientation, religion, personality, ethnicity and culture (Shen, Chanda, D’Netto, Monga, 2009, p. 235). Support of individuals’Read MoreConsequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity Theories1929 Words   |  8 Pagesstate that the debate on diversity mostly confuses various forms of a variety of workforce. One way to achieve workforce variety is through social categorization, where group membership is determined by mutual characteristics such as race, sex, age, gender, and status. Legal provisions on diversity have continuously emphasized the creation of representative social categorization approach in the workforce of an organization (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). In this context, the workforce demography shouldRead MoreWhy Do Women Earn Less Than Men?5819 Words   |  24 Pagesbased on gender, a significant earnings gap exists. Women earn less than men in almost every line of work regardless of age, race, ethnic background or level of education. This study discusses the disparity of income between men and women, and the primary factors that contribute to the disparity. It then looks at some of the legislation that has been passed or is under consideration to address the issue. Finally, it concludes that there are many reasons for the disparity other than gender discrimination

Value Alignment - Apple Inc. free essay sample

Since its inception in 1984 the Apple Inc. has grown to become one of the biggest well-known companies in the world. This ascension came about from smart management, innovative ideas and marketing as well as research and development. In this discussion, Team D will analyze the origins, motivations and developments of personal values that affect every day practices, and identify the origins and developments of values within the workplace. This discussion will also identify if the values of Apple Inc. are in alignment with the plans and actions including an explaining the differences between company and personal values.Analyzing values and the way they align themselves with plans and actions provides a firm foundation to discuss how Apple Inc can continue to innovate and be a market leader for years to come. Concerning personal and workplace values, ethics play an important role in any organization that is imperative to success. To attain a successful alignment between corporate and individual values, there needs to be a symbiotic relationship between the company and the people it employs. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Alignment Apple Inc. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These values are the basic building blocks for individual behavior and provide direction in accordance with the goals and objectives of the organization such as Apple Inc. Resources: AlterNet. (2010). How Do You Like Those Apples? Apple Inc. Hides Lack of Diversity.

Why should Amazonia be protected Essay Example

Why should Amazonia be protected? Essay The Amazonian rainforest is the worlds largest rainforest situated in Brazil of South America and consequently suffers the most deforestation in the world. It is home to about 20 million people, as well as approximately 60,000 plant species, 1,000 bird species and more than 300 mammal species. This rainforest area, also known as Amazonia, the Amazon jungle, or the Amazon Basin, encompasses seven million square kilometers (1.7 billion acres), in which its located within nine nations: Brazil (with 60 percent of the rainforest), Peru (with 13 percent of the rainforest), Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. The Amazon represents over half of the planets remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich area of tropical rainforest in the world; implementing the label of the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Rainforests are found in more than forty countries around the equator. Most of the rainforests are located in the tropics; which is from the Tropic of Capricorn, south of the equator, to the Tropic of Cancer, which is north of the equator. These rainforests can be found in parts of Brazil, Venezuela, the Amazon Basin, Zaire, Indonesia, the Neotropics in Brazil, Cherrapunki in India, Colombia, French Guinea, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Southeast Asia, Suriname, Douala in Cameroon, Costa Rica, New Guinea, the Philippines, Kenya, Borneo, Madagascar, Trinidad, Thailand, Australia, and Belize to name several examples. This is due to the yearly hot weather complimented with the wet humid climate ideal for plants all of species to thrive. We will write a custom essay sample on Why should Amazonia be protected? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why should Amazonia be protected? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why should Amazonia be protected? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Summary; The Amazon River Basin is home to the largest rainforest on Earth. The basin, roughly the size of the forty-eight contiguous United States, covers some 40% of the South American continent. It is only renowned as one of the wettest place on earth which inhibits over 50% of all the plants and animals in the world. Opposed from other numerous environmental conditions as well as past human influence; Amazonia is made up of a variety of ecosystems and vegetation types including rainforests, seasonal forests, deciduous forests, flooded forests, and savannas. It is extremely important for the allowance of the Amazonian rainforest to survive and be able to thrive. Climate; The rainforest climate is hot, wet and sticky very humid; so consequently it rains at roughly a set period of the day, every day. The rain comes down suddenly and stops just as suddenly. Which is renowned as convectional rainfall; meaning that the Sun heats the ground, which heats the air nearest the ground causing it to expand and rise. When the air gets to a certain height it condenses to dew point and forms clouds, then it rains with often occurrences of storms and thunder. Amazonia is truly a unique and diverse place, there is no place quite like it left in the world. Theres a constant year round temperature of 80 degrees Fahrenheit and receive anywhere from 160-400 inches of rain a year. Scientists believe it was these properties that protected the Rainforest during the mass extinction of the Dinosaurs 65 million years ago. The Amazon jungle is also of a great significance to the climate of the world because it absorbs very large amounts of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere essential in preventing the recent phenomenon of global warming. Ecosystem; It would be expected that such a diverse ecosystem, humid and hot temperatures, would have rich soil but this is not the case. In fact the nutrient quality of the soil is extremely poor. The 80% of the Rainforest nutrients is held within the plants and leaves themselves. Therefore, all plants and trees have very short roots which are close to the surface as deciduous trees drop their leaves eventually which decompose with only the thinner roots are sent down through the rocks; as all the nutrients in the soil have simply been washed away. Other elements which create some necessary nutrients which is key to any vegetations survival are; fallen trees which take an age to decompose without the help of termites, and fungi on all types of trees. According to scientists the Amazonian rainforest is over millions of years old the worlds oldest and noted as the only original rainforest left, flourishing from the ages as far back as the dinosaurs. There are approximately 900 tones of plant matter in 1 hectare of the 688 million hectored rainforest, which helps contribute over 20% of the worlds oxygen supply, which is imperative for the survival of humans and all other living creatures a kind. Animals; There are an estimated 15,000 different kinds of Brazilian animals situated in the Amazonian rainforest. With over one third of the worlds population of animals, notably exotic animals which can only live in hotter and humid climates, endangering these animals from such acts as deforestation will only strain the Earths natural characteristics food chains could be destroyed leading to a mass number of other extinct animals, nothing could be done by us to bring these animals back. Though preserving the complex beauty of nature is important. The animals, plants and the elements of the world form a tight and delicate ecological balance. Medicines; The Amazonian rainforest has many different plants that can be used as herbal medicines. Some of the most important medicines come from the Amazon where some have been used for hundreds and hundreds of years. These plants can be deadly if taken in large doses, but in small doses they can be very helpful. They can be used to cure headaches, skin irritation, high blood pressures, and many other diseases. Therefore, destroying the rainforest is like destroying the hope of any cures of deadly illnesses and diseases. Could cancer really be cured? The Amazonian rainforest is the only place that can answer that common question. Hydrological Cycle; Increasing amounts of deforestation can reduce transpiration of moisture into the atmosphere, weakening water recycling and causing local climate drying. This results in a dramatic change in the ecosystem, as a consequence from a less humid rainforest; plants and animals of all species may die as there is no where they can migrate. Plus another problem of which the surface floor is substantially warming; destroying the original composition of the rainforest which can create global effects/disasters. Scientists have suggested that the rising problems of deforestation can cause changes in the North Atlantic and European storm tracks; producing considerable cooling in southern Europe and warming across parts of Asia in winter. Indigenous People; Indigenous, or native, people have lived in rainforests for many thousands of years which they still regard as there home. Indigenous people admire the forest which, until the present, has protected them from outsiders and given them everything they need to survive alike their ancestors. They live in what is called a sustainable existence, meaning they use the land without doing harm to the plants and animals. Although indigenous people have lived on their lands for thousands of years, they dont actually own it, as they have not filed for ownership deeds of the land and do not possess a title with the Brazilian government. From once living alone from any other human interference, in harmony, the natives natural knowledge of the rainforest has considerably changed as an act from deforestation (making their territories smaller). Indigenous groups are beginning to fight for their land at a last remorse; most often through peaceful demonstrations. Meaning they have to somehow interact with members of the Brazilian society who normally speak the common Portuguese language. But some of their actions may cause them to be arrested or even to lose their lives. But they know that if they take no action, their land and culture could be lost forever. Natural resources; Deforestation is the cause of destruction to the Amazonian rainforest, in which it is rapidly becoming the most reliable method for access to resources such as wood. The countries of Amazonia are poor, less developed countries that rely on the resources of the Amazon jungle to become richer, more developed countries. However, some people think that they can only do this by destroying the rainforest forever but if they were to now, their profits would not be as great as foreging for a sustainable income like rubber trees etc. The trees of the rainforest can be sold for wood (timber). This timber is in great demand in economically developed countries like Britain, Japan and USA. Accordingly, as it is in great demand, there are many advantages as well as disadvantages of the deforestation of the trees in the Amazon; the countries become richer, but if all the trees were cut down now the world may bewitness a worldwide spread of devastation. Mining tin ore is considered an easier trade to retrieve from its original state in Amazonia, compared to efforts in other mines across the world. The rainforests earth does not consist of a hard rocky substance; thorough decades of weathering and scorching hot heat blasting the ground, the tin ore can be removed easily with a hose propelling water at a high pressure. The tradesmen extracting these substances have a realtively simple job afterwards forgening through the rubble to find the ore in which they sell to wealthy businessmen and companies, usually from other countries. Mines eventually become bare of their natural resources, so no more tin ore can be obtained they are regarded as useless and therefore abandoned. These mines dont contain any soil nutrients as they have been washed away, so vegetation doesnt grow back once again. Other mines are then setup in different areas. As mining for tin ore is a realtively simple process with high profits, especially compared to other local jobs like farming etc, more Brazilians are changing their occupation, so areas of the rainforest are being destroyed to be replaced with mines/quarrys. The rainforest aslo contains hgih traces and amounts of gold ore, which has a far higher value than tin. However, the gold mining exploration at this present time is realtively small so the amount of abandoned mines is close to none. Locals; Tribes/indigenous people There are still a lot of tribes that still remained untouched in the Amazonian rainforest, continuing to do so up until the present day. The Yanomami tribe is renowned as the up most largest and dominate tribe. Choosing to live in isolation, a distance figure from the rest of the world, many tribes are still undiscovered. Each tribe is marginally different from their culture to traditions but they all survive from living with the forest, a dominant but humble part of the ecosystem; living alongside nature without threatening any serious harm. But increasing concerns of the amount of forest cover left in the Brazils sector of Amazonia is leaving the locals in jeopardy. Their way of life is changing due to the effects from deforestation the way in which they live is meaning they have to adapt. Tribes have to defend their territory from tree loggers, but they will have to eventually move and find new homes; relocating to areas theyve never seen before, away from the homes that their an cestors have lived in for hundreds of years. Tribes are actually being inprisoned in the rainforest; never to have access to modern health care, or modern dentistry. Theyre denied a life span of anything longer than 30 or 40 years. No access to modern farming, and agricultural developments that would improve their lives substantially. Even though their habitat is decreasing in size their lack of knowledge from the outsde world is restricting them to evolve, into a modern cizilization. National; Resources Some natural resources in the rainforest cant be found in many places around the rest of the world. Mahogany trees for example. Various foreign companies attempt to secure the services of the local people to retrieve these resources. In a summary, these rare resources make Brazil an important country, which can possibly become more economically dominant; the huge country is obviously unique compared to any other, apprehending great potential. The indifferent climate and sheer amount of trees offer an easy income to the Brazilian civilization. Unfortunately, as wood (timber) is in a great demand all over the world and there still is over 3million kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of rainforest left, thriving with a variety of tree species, deforestation is a chronic phenomenon. In which it is true; if the entire rainforest were to be cut down now Brazil would be extremely wealthy, but the planet will suffer from a lack of oxygen, deprived of any more rare natural resources. Brazil however, has an option of sustainable development in which the civilization can survive irrespectively, and the country as a whole can expand its economic structure. The Brazilian government has the ability to prevent deforestation and introduce sustainable regimes, like rubber tapping, so in the future the country will have a solid, wealthier foundation to continue develop. Brazilian Doctors If the Amazonian rainforest were to be demolished completely, undiscovered medicines will be lost forever. The medicines that have already been extracted are important to the local doctors, as, they possess medication that can only be found in that region of the Earth making it highly expensive. The medicines are vital for the human civilizations that inhabit Amazonia; their quality of life is low and difficult. Their lifestyles are based mainly on surviving in which they cannot receive basic health care as the government cant simply afford it. The Brazilian doctors who posses these medicines are then able to farm these organic harvests, to sell to companies around the world. This proves the significance of the medicines, to the financial and economic structure and development of the country (not just the people who live there). Conservationists The Amazonian rainforest is most diverse ecosystem on the planet; containing wildlife and vegetation only inhabited in the nine nations. Conservationists from MEDCs like the United States also live in the rainforest, but not on a permanent basis. As tourists themselves, most collect data on the jungles bio-diverse nature for their own logic and knowledge in their spare time. They are continuously exploring new ways and ideas to protect the wildlife, so that the locals are capable of living alongside animals, in harmony. Therefore, the further amount of volunteers that participate in these projects, the more the popularity of trekking in the Amazonia grows. Ecotourism, from mainly such conservationists, will then be able to offer the countries of the rainforest a sustainable income. In which the importance of preserving the rainforest increases from the tourists whove visited. This will undoubtedly offer jobs for the locals aswell; acting as guides or captains on boats, as examples, developing the variation of employment in Amazonia (instead of cattle ranching or farming), just through the inquisitive conservationists, trying to save the wildlife. Global; Governments from other countries (scientists) Governments from other countries are pressuring Brazil in particular to but an end to deforestation in a vein attempt to prevent global warming. The Brazilian government expects to receive donations from other countries to help protect their area of rainforest. Thats why theyve established the Amazon Fund earlier this year to promote sustainable use of Earths largest rainforest. Norway has pledged to contribute hundreds of millions of dollars per year to rainforest protection in an effort to slow greenhouse gas emissions that result from deforestation. But this has put Brazil under scrutiny as Norways the only country to offer a substantial amount of money. Their government is criticized by some European countries, and America, for relying on donations rather than marketing mechanisms for avoiding deforestation. But these countries, along with the consumers demands from around the world, buy a high proportion of the products produced from the rainforest, like wooden furniture. These are the key drivers of rainforest destruction in Brazil. Therefore, the governments of other countries are only interested in the welfare of the rainforest for the future of the worlds survival. Doctors Doctors from around the world would benefit from researching various plants in Amazonia, some still remain undiscovered. Doctors from MEDCs, who had once visited the rainforest found that common diseases and illness, unlikely to be fatal, were easily cured from digesting some form of vegetation without any modification; for example, the milk cut open from a papaya fruit would help with indigestion. Doctors, around the world, believe that there are locked assortments of yet undiscovered medicines, (regulating plant and animal life that could enrich the health of humans). This theory stands as Amazonia is the richest area of diversity on the globe, with such a variation in forms of life, which have been there for hundreds of years. The forest plants are vital resources for the eradication of diseases; they hold the potential to cure such cancers and maybe diseases that will inflict mammals in the future. This is why the biggest of the 80% remaining rainforest areas in the world must be preserved intact, helping them all to flourish again. The future health and welfare of humanity may well be determined by the fate of these rainforests. History: Approximately 7,000 medical compounds from Amazonia were examined, identified and prescribed to Americans in 1985 their retail value was an estimated $43 billion. Showing just how important the rainforest is, even over 20 years ago. Environmentalists Environmentalists are organizations that are involved in issues relating to the protection of the natural world, in which they are against the harmful effects of industrialized societies. In this particular incident, it is that those who are against the developed civilizations that produce waste gases. What is global warming?; The ozone layer, full of greenhouse gases, acts as a protective layer from the suns rays. It allows light and some heat into the Earths atmosphere which is enough to warm the entire globe. But some heat bounces back against the ground, attempting to escape back into the atmosphere, which it would normally be able to do. But with more greenhouse gases to absorb the heat inside the Earths global temperature increases. The effects of global warming; Carbon dioxide, a gas that vegetation (trees basically) respire and produce energy with their leaves from photosynthesis, causes 9-26% of the greenhouse gas effect which is notably the second highest of all the gases. Behind that of water vapour with 36-70% which cannot be controlled or altered by human activity, unlike the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide which can be increased. This is why the amounts of carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases must be restricted to a minimum. As otherwise the heat of the Earths atmosphere will lead to the melting of the ice caps; leading to global flooding. Moreover, without preserving the trees of Amazonia, and all over the world in fact, the amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere will also lead to the heating of the Earth, causing the same devastating effect. Achieving the right balance of the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can only be altered by human activity. Consequently environmentalists try to address the public about the growing concerns of global warming, pressure governments to decrease the amount of CO2 their countries produce and investigate how to prevent the ice caps from melting.

Hafnium Facts (Atomic Number 72 or Hf)

Hafnium Facts (Atomic Number 72 or Hf) Hafnium is an element that was predicted by Mendeleev (of periodic table fame) before it was actually discovered. Here is a collection of fun and interesting facts about hafnium, as well as standard atomic data for the element: Hafnium Element Facts Fresh, pure hafnium is a metal with a bright, silvery luster. However, hafnium oxidizes to form a beautiful rainbow colored surface effect.Mendeleev predicted the existence of hafnium in a report he prepared in 1869. It was one of two non-radioactive elements believed to exist, but not verified. It was finally discovered in 1923 by Georg von Hevesy and Dirk Coster by using x-ray spectroscopy on a zirconium ore sample. The element name honors the city of its discovery (Hafnia is the old name for Copenhagen).As you might expect, hafnium is not found free in nature. Instead, it forms compounds and alloys. Because the two metals share similar occurrence and properties, hafnium is extremely difficult to separate from zirconium. Most hafnium metal has some degree of zirconium contamination. Although hafnium is found with ores (mainly zircon and baddeleyite), it is not as reactive as most transition metals.When hafnium is powdered, the increased surface area improves its reactivity. Powdere d hafnium readily ignites and may explode. Hafnium finds use as an alloying agent for iron, titanium, niobium, and tantalum. It is found in integrated circuits, vacuum tubes, and incandescent lamps. Hafnium is used in nuclear reactors, mainly as nuclear control rods because hafnium is an exceptionally powerful neutron absorber. This is one significant difference between hafnium and its sister element zirconium zirconium is essentially transparent to neutrons.Hafnium in its pure form is not particularly toxic, but it does represent a health hazard, particularly if inhaled. Hafnium compounds should be handled with care, as should any transition metal compound, because the ionic forms be dangerous. Only limited testing has been done on the effect of hafnium compounds in animals. All that is really known is that hafnium usually exhibits a valence of 4.Hafnium is found in the gemstones zircon and garnet. Hafnium in garnet may be used as a geochronometer, which means it can be used to date metamorphic geological events. Hafnium Atomic Data Element Name: Hafnium Hafnium Symbol: Hf Atomic Number: 72 Atomic Weight: 178.49 Element Classification: Transition Metal Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 Discovery: Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy 1923 (Denmark) Name Origin: Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen. Density (g/cc): 13.31 Melting Point (K): 2503 Boiling Point (K): 5470 Appearance: silvery, ductile metal Atomic Radius (pm): 167 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 13.6 Covalent Radius (pm): 144 Ionic Radius: 78 (4e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.146 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): (25.1) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 575 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.3 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 575.2 Oxidation States: 4 Lattice Structure: hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.200 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.582 Hafnium Fast Fasts Element Name: HafniumElement Symbol: HfAtomic Number: 72Appearance: Steel gray metalGroup: Group 4 (Transition Metal)Period: Period 6Discovery:Â  Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922) Sources Hevesy, G. (1925). The Discovery and Properties of Hafnium. Chemical Reviews. 2: 1–41. doi:10.1021/cr60005a001Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 971–975. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Lee, O. Ivan (1928). The Mineralogy of Hafnium. Chemical Reviews. 5: 17–37. doi:10.1021/cr60017a002Schemel, J. H. (1977). ASTM Manual on Zirconium and Hafnium. ASTM International. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-8031-0505-8.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Indian Castes and Feudal Japanese Classes (Comparison)

Indian Castes and Feudal Japanese Classes (Comparison) Although they arose from very different sources, the Indian caste system and the feudal Japanese class system have many features in common. Yet the two social systems are dissimilar in important ways, as well. Are they more alike, or more different? The Essentials Both the Indian caste system and the Japanese feudal class system have four main categories of people, with others falling below the system entirely. In the Indian system, the four primary castes are: Brahmins:  Hindu priestsKshatriyas:  the kings and warriorsVaisyas:  farmers, traders, and skilled artisans  Shudras  tenant farmers and servants. Below the caste system there were the untouchables, who were considered so impure that they could contaminate people from the four castes just by touching them or even being too close to them. They did unclean jobs such as scavenging animal carcasses, tanning leather, etc. The untouchables are also known as dalits or harijans. Under the feudal Japanese system, the four classes are: Samurai, the warriors​FarmersArtisansMerchants. As with Indias untouchables, some Japanese people fell below the four-tier system. These were the burakumin and hinin. The burakumin served essentially the same purpose as untouchables in India; they did butchering, leather tanning, and other unclean jobs, but also prepared human burials. The hinin were actors, wandering musicians, and convicted criminals. Origins of the Two Systems Indias caste system arose out of the Hindu belief in reincarnation. A souls behavior in its previous life determined the status it would have in its next life. Castes were hereditary and fairly inflexible; the only way to escape a low caste was to be very virtuous in this life, and hope to be reborn in a higher station the next time. Japans four-tier social system came out of Confucian philosophy, rather than religion. According to Confucian principles, everyone in a well-ordered society knew their place  and paid respect to those stationed above them. Men were higher than women; elders were higher than young people. Farmers ranked just after the ruling samurai class  because they produced the food that everyone else depended upon. Thus, though the two systems seem quite similar, the beliefs from which they arose were rather different. Differences between Indian Castes and Japanese Classes In the feudal Japanese social system, the shogun and the imperial family were above the class system. Nobody was above the Indian caste system, though. In fact, kings and warriors were lumped together in the second caste - the Kshatriyas. Indias four castes were actually sub-divided into literally thousands of sub-castes, each with a very specific job description. The Japanese classes were not divided in this way, perhaps because Japans population was smaller and much less ethnically and religiously diverse. In Japans class system, Buddhist monks and nuns were outside of the social structure. They were not considered lowly or unclean, just detached from the social ladder. In the Indian caste system, in contrast, the Hindu priestly class were the highest caste - the Brahmins. According to Confucius, farmers were far more important than merchants, because they produced food for everyone in society. Merchants, on the other hand, did not make anything - they simply profited off of trade in other peoples products. Thus, farmers were in the second tier of Japans four-tier system, while merchants were at the bottom. In the Indian caste system, however, merchants and land-holding farmers were lumped together in the Vaisya caste, which was the third of the four varnas or primary castes. Similarities between the Two Systems In both the Japanese and Indian social structures, the warriors and rulers were one and the same. Obviously, both systems had four primary categories of people, and these categories determined the sort of work that people did. Both the Indian caste system and Japanese feudal social structure had unclean people who were below the lowest rung on the social ladder. In both cases, though their descendants have much brighter prospects today, there continues to be discrimination against people who are perceived as belonging to these outcast groups. Japanese samurai and Indian Brahmins were both considered to be well above the next group down. In other words, the space between the first and second rungs on the social ladder was much wider than that between the second and third rungs. Finally, both the Indian caste system and Japans four-tiered social structure served the same purpose: they imposed order and controlled the social interactions among people in two complex societies. The Two Social Systems Tier Japan India Above the System Emperor, Shogun Nobody 1 Samurai Warriors Brahmin Priests 2 Farmers Kings, Warriors 3 Artisans Merchants, Farmers, Artisans 4 Merchants Servants, Tenant Farmers Below the System Burakumin, Hinin Untouchables

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 40

Assignment - Essay Example Other strengths include the expansion of the democratic space that has seen the women’s suffrage that allowed women to vote, and civil rights movements. All this events have occurred without causing an uprising against the liberal supreme rule of law. Religious pluralism represents another strength of classical liberalism (Crowards, 1995, p, 21). This has provide the best record of non-violent religious pluralism across the earth. Christians in the US from various denominations, Muslims, Hindus, Atheists, Jews, and Budhists live in peace as opposed to areas that apply a different form of leadership. Classical liberalism give a chance to the people to be leading immovators and producers in the world. Revealed and stated preference techniques belong to the discerned environmental decision-making processes, which rank individual preferences above and other element during the analysis and in the process ranking lowest the systems that escape direct application of individual preferences. They depend on advice and opinion from professional panels, policy makers, and other stakeholder groups when these decisionsAmong the areas analysed include putting emphasis on individual preferences above management concepts of complicated environmental systems yet the individual has little information that sometimes is inaccurate of any merit. According to them, this is one of the reasons informed people need to participate. It is essential to remember that at this moment, it is good to comprehend the particular role of information that informs the knowledge of individual preferences (Edwards, 1992, p. 43). Furthermore, considering the function of information in policy and assessment of damages is important. Environmental decision-making processes differ basing on either professional’s point view or preference of individuals. The striking difference between these approaches starts with disagreements over the concept of economic value used inputs. The inputs

CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 question drugs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 question drugs - Coursework Example Narcoterrorism refers to the relationship between the insurgent terrorists and drug traffickers (Lyman, 2011). Insurgent terrorists protect the drug traffickers and acquire part of the substantial profit that drug trafficking industry makes. This discussion will consider the relationship between insurgent terrorists and drug trafficking industry. Insurgent terrorists engage in insurgency and terrorism and exploit the drug trafficking industry for financial benefit. In most cases, the exploitation of drug trafficking industry involves guerillas at rural level (Forest, 2007). The relationship between drug trafficking industry and guerillas tend to be very common in rugged, rural areas where the government control is relatively weak. Most rural areas do not have a nationally integrated economic infrastructure (Forest, 2007). The rural-based insurgent terrorists make money by extorting war taxes from drug traffickers and the growers of illicit drugs, such as the narcotics. The relationship between insurgent terrorists and illicit drug traders has its root in conflict and coercion (Bibe, 2001). Sometimes, however, insurgent terrorists and drug traffickers can cooperate in a marriage of convenience. According to Lyman (2011), the degree of government action against trafficking of drug in an area can act as a unifying factor. A number of insurgent terrorists have used both cooperation and coercion to exploit the drug trafficking industry. An example of insurgent terrorist includes the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), which is Colombia’s oldest and largest insurgent group (Bibe, 2001). The FARC has a close association with a range of drug trafficking activities, such as cultivation, distribution, and taxation of illicit drugs. In the 1980s, the FARC in Columbia maintained taxation on the production of cocaine in various territories, in exchanging for establishing law and order that favored growers (Bibe,

Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883) Essay Example for Free

Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883) Essay In the Prologue section of Friedrich Nietzsche’s ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra’, he spoke of a thirty-year-old man named Zarathustra who goes into the wilderness where he stays for ten years taking pleasure in his solitude.   When he decides to be in contact with the people again and ‘go under’, Zarathustra starts to share what he has learned over the past ten years.   He tells about a Superman, saying that man is born to be between a beast and a Superman. Man should be able to overcome this state, yet the road is very dangerous.    He preaches that man should utterly focus on this life and not the life after death.   He should hold in contempt things like happiness, reason, virtue, justice, or pity.   As man is becoming more and more tame and domesticated, then the last man on earth will all be alike like a herd of animals.   They shall be afraid of danger and peril, which will lead to self-destruction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Zarathustra Prologue, Nietzsche speaks about a crisis that is being shared by the existing humanity—the crisis of being contented with comfort alone; being as comfortable and contented as to resist the utilization of strong, positive goals in one’s existence.   Each section of ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra’ carries with it essential points to consider, especially the Prologue section and Parts 1-3.   What are these essential points?   How do they all blend together to come up with the whole thought or proclamation of Nietzsche?   In the end, we shall come up with the answers to these questions, together with the essential points that create Nietzsche’s preaching of nihilism.   In this world of materialism and nihilism (as Nietzsche declared), is God really dead? Main Body The Crisis of Existing Humanity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Prologue section of ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra,’ Nietzsche speaks about a crisis that lingers in all of humanity today.   Zarathustra speaks that saints are too proud and love only God and not men, as stated in the lines: â€Å"Now I love God: men, I do not love.   Man is a thing too imperfect for me.   Love to man would be fatal to me† (Nietzsche 21).   He also stated that acts of charity should go after acts of beseech: â€Å"If, however, thou wilt give unto them, give them no more than an alms, and let them also beg for it† (Nietzsche 21).   This points out that acts of charity are done for the sake of pride and self-worthiness.   When Zarathustra speaks that â€Å"God is dead† (Nietzsche 22), he meant that God does not exist in this world anymore, even on people whom we think should have made God more alive. Secondly, Zarathustra speaks that people have made a shame of themselves: â€Å"Ye have made your way from the worm to man, and much within you is still worm.   Once were ye apes, and even yet man is more of an ape than any of the apes† (Nietzsche 22).   He preaches that the way to go is to be the Superman, which Zarathustra speaks as â€Å"the meaning of the earth† (Nietzsche 22) and the â€Å"herald of the lightning, †¦ a heavy drop out of the cloud† (Nietzsche 25). People are in crisis because much of life is centered on life after death and not on the present life on earth.   Happiness, reason, virtue, justice, and pity appear to be useless and should not be centered on, since self-satisfaction of men is being slaughtered, while men cry to heaven for answers to satisfaction, which should only be found on earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thirdly, Zarathustra speaks that â€Å"Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman—a rope over an abyss† (Nietzsche 24).   There is crisis and peril in trying to go through the rope—the present state of man that should be defeated and prevailed over.   Man has succeeded in transforming itself from a beast to a man, yet there is another significant task for a man—to transform itself from a man to a Superman.   However, the people do not yet understand: â€Å"There they stand †¦ there they laugh: they understand me not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nietzsche 25). For this, Zarathustra starts to speak of the ‘last man’ because people are becoming too content and comfortable with their lives they do not see the need to have strong, positive goals anymore.   Zarathustra proclaims that, if this will not change, time will come when the trees and the soil will bear no trees; when man will not see a reason to long for and dream; and when man will no longer be capable of giving birth to a star (Nietzsche 26). This inability of the last man to create something that is beyond himself would make the earth smaller and smaller, and the last man becoming weaker and weaker†¦ becoming lazier as days go by.   If man is to surpass the crisis that is in the midst, then he should surpass the rope of being a man and learn how to become a Superman. The Principal Parts of the Last Man’s Soul   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Zarathustra, man is not made up of body and soul; rather, that he is composed only of the body that, on the other hand, is made up of the spirit and the ego, which common people call the ‘soul’ (Nietzsche 40-41).   Zarathustra preaches that the ego is—not said—but done (Nietzsche 41).   It is the ego that gives a sense of feeling, while it is the spirit, conversely, that discerns what is to be done considering the ego.    These two, the spirit and the ego, continuously attach to one another over one’s existence: â€Å"What the sense feeleth, what the spirit discerneth, hath never its end in itself† (Nietzsche 41).   Behind the senses of the ego and the spirit is the Self (or the body), which â€Å"seeketh with the eyes of the senses, it hearkeneth also with the ears of the spirit† (Nietzsche 41); yet it appears that the Self is the master of the senses of ego and spirit, as reflected in the following lines: The Self saith unto the ego: Feel pain!   And thereupon it suffereth, and thinketh how it may put an end thereto—and for that very purpose it is meant to think.   The Self saith unto the ego: Feel pleasure!   Thereupon it rejoiceth, and thinketh how it may ofttimes rejoice—and for that very purpose it is meant to think. (41)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In relation to the crisis, this ordering of the principle parts of the last man’s soul leads one to think that the Self is really in the soul, which is not true, according to Zarathustra (since there is no soul).   The Self is in the body, and for those who say that Self is in the soul, they are called ‘despisers of the body’ who despise because of their esteem (Nietzsche 41).   Through the body, there is spirit; and through the spirit, there is worth and will.   The Self, however, should be made to do what it desires most—to be that which is beyond itself†¦ to be a Superman on earth!   To be a Superman needs a special kind of selfishness—the healthy and holy type of selfishness that â€Å"constrain[s] all things to flow towards you and into you, so that they shall flow back again out of your fountain as the gifts of your love† (Nietzsche 76). In this selfishness there is no lust or craving but true virtue that elevates the body and enraptures the spirit (Nietzsche 76).   This new virtue brings power and knowledge through what he calls the ‘Will to Power’.   This is what drives the powerful into wanting obedience and change.   Zarathustra calls it â€Å"the unexhausted, procreating life-will† (Nietzsche 108), and together with worth and will, this is also what the last man lacks nowadays.   People are unaware of the healthy and holy selfishness, which is why he cannot create beyond himself. The Way to Redemption   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zarathustra, as a teacher, tries to correct the conflicting understanding of these notions by doing the following: first, by finding his own disciples and teaching them before sending them on their own to find their Will to Power and virtue, which should both be overflowing in order for them to preach or share it with others; and second, by preaching to the most uncommon men (i.e., hunchback, the cripples, the blind men) who live apart from the rest of the people. However, because man has turned his back against the Will to Power, Zarathustra claims that there is suffering on earth as penalty for the negligence: â€Å"Everything perisheth, therefore everything deserveth to perish† (Nietzsche 132).   Yet the past is past.   Even the Will to Power has no power to bring back time; thus, there is suffering.   But there is what is called ‘courage’ that slays giddiness, suffering, and death (Nietzsche 143).   As stated, â€Å"Courage, however, is the best slayer, courage which attacketh† (Nietzsche 143).   By possessing courage, man is on his way to redemption to find his Will to Power and his virtue, for the Self to find its worth and will in the spirit.   At that moment, he will have the power to create beyond himself—a being that even death, giddiness, and suffering is unable to tear down. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"[T]ruth is always on the side of the more difficult.† –Friedrich Nietzsche in his letter to his sister, 1865 (NietzscheKaufmann 29)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nietzsche’s ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra,’ he speaks about a crisis that is being shared by the existing humanity.   There is crisis because of the following essential points: first, the non-existence of God in this world; second, the centering on life after death; third, the suffering of self-satisfaction; fourth, the longing for contentment and comfort; fifth, the lack of strong, positive goals and courage; sixth and last, having a smaller world with weaker men.   With the Self as the master of the ego and the spirit, a man should not despise his body because of esteem, especially that it is the body that builds the spirit, which then builds both worth and will. Without the body, there is no spirit, worth, will, and the ego.   To be a Superman is to be selfish enough to gain in knowledge and in power, yet how can all be possible without virtue and Will to Power?   To have Will to Power in a changing and suffering world, however, there is a drastic need for courage.   This is the way to the redemption of mankind†¦ to have the courage in wiping away suffering and pain, which has been inflicted on mankind as penalty for its negligence.   Despite the past being irrevocable, man will no longer fall to self-destruction, as he has learned to go well beyond himself. Works Cited Nietzsche, Friedrich.   Thus Spake Zarathustra.   Translated by Thomas Common.   University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University, 1999. Nietzsche, Friedrich, and Walter Kaufmann.   The Portable Nietzsche.   New York, NY: Penguin Group, Inc., 1977.

The War on Drugs and U.S. Foreign Policy Essay -- American Drug Policy

Introduction The War on Drugs has been a common phrase in the United States for many decades. What exactly does this mean and how does it shape U.S. foreign policy? The War on Drugs can be defined as the systematic and aggressive policy that is determined to undermine and stop the flow of illegal drugs into the United States. This policy is backed by several U.S. institutions including the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), U.S. Army, U.S. Coast Guard, and U.S. Customs. Also, included in this list are the numerous local law enforcement agencies across the country. The U.S. government has instituted the following ways for enforcing its foreign drug policy: interdiction, eradication, legislative reform. Interdiction is the attempt to stop drugs as they are en route to the United States. This remains to be a formidable task; because of the enormous size of the United States, policing its vast borders has proven to be extremely difficult. For example, the United States has over 12,000 miles of shoreline, through 300 ports of legal entry, and over 7,500 miles of border with Canada and Mexico. The jurisdiction of these border points fall under all of the above mentioned agencies and military branches. Herein lays the first problem of foreign policy on drugs, determining which agency/branch has rightful control over which part of the border. The DEA and FBI have overlapping roles in when it comes to enforcing drug policy. Miscommunication often happens when attempting to interdict drugs because of overlapping jurisdiction between two governme nt agencies. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, the United States has spent over $25 billion on s... ...ment with local towns to pinpoint the appropriate crops to be exterminated. Strong legal punishment is needed to deter would be drug traffickers from committing crimes. All of these crucial steps need to be followed in order to start winning the war on drugs. Works Cited http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/basicfax.htm#q7 http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/co.html#Econ http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/intel/02006/#4c http://www.tni.org/drugs/pubs/drugsum.htm http://www.drugpolicy.org/news/02_12_03fuzzy.cfm http://www.drugpolicy.org/global/drugpolicyby/latinamerica/ http://www.drugwarfacts.org/military.htm http://www.drugwar.com/interdiction.shtm http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol6/v6n22andes.html http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/intervention/2004/0512colombia.htm http://www.tni.org/drugs/research/airbridg.htm

Breast Reduction

The Pros and Cons of a Breast Reduction Savanna Elevate Hudson Instructor: Pamela Congealed ENG 121 English Composition I July 29, 2014 The decision to have a breast reduction surgery came after years of continuous back pain throughout my life. My experience has been a real Journey in researching the right doctor and asking the right questions for this type of surgery. My Journey began in 2012 after many attempts to lose weight. I began doing several exercises with hope that my breast would firm up and I would see a change see a change with my weight.After seeing no changes I decided to take another route. I tried many different diets, personal trainers, meal plans and body wrap suits. With that I tried I still say no results. Ultimately I decided that I should start looking into breast reduction surgery to see if it was a good fit for me. In 2014 after during all my research I find a surgeon and had my consultation. I was made aware of financial obligation which was ten-thousand dol lars after discussing it with my significant other I then decided to have the surgery.I was made aware of the complications that old come from having this particular surgery. The complications could range from bleeding during surgery, possible of a stroke, heart attack, are even blood clotting. After finding the right doctor and discussing all the pros and cons then, I decided that it would be well worth the risk to have the surgery. I express to the surgery I wanted my current double H -bra size reduce c-cup. A week before surgery I completed my pre-pop and was cleared for surgery due to all labs being normal. The surgery was approximately three hours longs.I was immediately after surgery I was admitted into the hospital due to my inability to fully wake after the surgery. The next morning following surgery I waken with severe pain, swelling, and soreness. I had bandage wrapped around my entire breast area with drainage tubes on the left and right side. I was hospitalized for two d ays and unable to move due excruciating pain. After two days of being hospitalized I was being discharge and I received my aftercare instructions. My instructions were a bit rigorous because I had to remember several things.These things included getting use to wearing a bra purport, remembering to take my medications, applying medicated cream to the incision creams, and continuing to drain my breast pumps and keep them clean after showering. My significant other helps me with all my personal needs. He helped me bathes, put on my clothes and shoes, and even feed me. I needed help because I was not able to fend for myself. After a week I had my first doctor visit sense surgery, and my bandages were removed as well as the tubs. I didn't know whether to be happy or cry when I looked at my scars in the mirror.I observed the incision from the right underarm to my left underarm. I was also shown where both nipples were removed and replaced by being sewn back on. The doctor also told me he removed five pound of breast tissue from each breast. My doctor assured me that the swelling, drainage and pain would subside overtime. He also went over a few restriction that I had to follow while recover at home. I couldn't lift my arms over my head, no bending are stretching, no exercising, and no other strenuous activities. I would have three- four doctors visit before I would be able to return to work.I was out from work for eight week from the surgery. He also advised that the full recovery time could take up to one- two years. Since the reduction I went from a double H cup too C-cup and had to buy new clothes. I am now able to shop at my favorite which sis Victoria Secret. I really enjoy wearing tank tops, sun dresses, and sleeves shirts. Crop tops and sports bras. In going through with the surgery, it has been the greatest thing I could've done. I am happier than Vive been in years, and my health overall is excellent. Life as I know it now is awesome.It is a great feeling t o be able to run and play with the kids and not become short of breath, be able to function daily without any back pain, and most importantly wear clothing that looks great on me. I am no longer on a diet every other week. I have changed the way I eat, and Vive incorporated exercising, and increased my water intake for myself and my family as well. I learned how to buy the right foods, and how to eat them properly to ensure that it would help me burn calories. I would give word of advice to anyone that is thinking about having this surgery.I would advise them to do extensive research on the doctors, always ask lots of questions and remember that no question is a dumb question. They're many research tools available such as you-tube, which how the actual footage of the procedure and Google is helpful information on specialist and procedure. I would also make sure that you truly know what the complications are, and how it will change your life before you decide to do it. I suggest that you have a good support system to get you through your recovery. I truly thank my significant other for all his purport and encouragement from the beginning to the end as well other family members.It's also important to do your research on the surgery because it range anywhere from five thousand are more. I also make sure you're able to be out from work least eight weeks for this type for surgery. Overall, I would not recommend this major surgery to anyone if there are other options available. After listening to several women that had this procedure done, and comparing and contrasting I am proud to say that I could not be happier by having had this surgery. This has truly been a life changing event in my life.

GCSE media studies coursework Essay

In this essay I will be comparing two articles taken from local newspapers in different areas. I will be looking at the techniques used in each article and their effectiveness. I will use this comparison to eventually decide which article is the more effective of the two. The two headlines from the articles are quite different. ‘Inches from tragedy’ is a large, bold headline written in a way that makes you want to see what the headline is talking about, as it sounds serious. ‘Firemen free bathroom tot’ on the other hand is quite small for a headline and only really uses one emotive word, free, making it sound like the child was imprisoned, which is worse than what actually happened. I think that ‘Inches from tragedy’ is the more effective of the two headlines because it grabs the readers attention and uses a lot of emotive language in such a short space to make the reader carry on reading. The language used in these articles is quite emotive in both cases. Both articles use exaggeration to tell you what they are trying to say. This is especially evident from quotes like â€Å"escaped death by inches† and â€Å"impossible for him to get out† as they are telling the truth about the events that occurred in each case, but are blatantly over-emotive to make the article more interesting. The firemen free bathroom tot article especially exagerrates the situation as it makes a toddler stuck in a bathroom sound like a major rescue attempt, whereas the other article Inches from tragedy features a very serious situation anyway. I think that both articles use emotive language very well, and that they are equally good at getting there point across through using language. Both of the articles feature one long, main interview and one shorter interview towards the end of the article. The interviews have been included in each case to give the reader an account of the events in the article from one of the people involved. This is a good idea as people who were actually involved in the events of the article will be able to give more information on what actually happened, and will probably know things that no-one else does. Having interviews also makes the reader sympathise with the people involved, especially if it is coming from one of the people mentioned in the main first paragraph of the article. The people who put together the articles must make sure that everything they include in the interviews is relevant and that they are not too long. I think that the article that uses interviews and quotes better is probably Inches from tragedy, because all the information given is relevant to and informative about what happened. I also think this because the interviews featured are not too long and leave room in the article for other information. Having a picture in an article is a good idea, because it lets the reader see exactly who was involved and let them see what effect the events of the article have had on them if at all. It can also give extra visual information to back up what is said in the article. This is especially evident in the picture from Inches from tragedy as it not only gives a picture of the avalanche victims, but also diagrams and labelled photos to show exactly what happened and where and when it happened. Journalists may also include pictures in their articles because it breaks it up and makes it seem like less to read. An article consisting entirely of text can seem quite daunting. Again Firemen free bathroom tot is nicely done with a good picture of the firemen and the child they ‘rescued’, but Inches from tragedy uses it’s picture better because as well as a photo of the two brothers caught in the avalanche, it has informative and interesting diagrams as backup to the article. Using fact and opinion in an article is good because it lets the reader compare an outside factual account of what happened with an opinion given from a reliable source. These two things will probably differ from each other, so it is good to give the reader both so that they can compare the two to see what actually happened. As well as differing from each other fact and opinion also back each other up on certain points of the article, such as the effect something has had on certain people. Fact and opinion can add drama to a piece, but the journalist would be better off making sure that they tie in with one-another, rather than being totally different. This would give well backed up accounts of what happened, adding a sense of drama to the article. Both articles use fact and opinion very well and I think are equally successful at giving well backed up information about what happened in each. These articles are obviously aimed at different audiences. Inches from Tragedy is found in the Metro, a newspaper which is probably aimed at city types and people who live in places dominated by big news. Firemen free bathroom tot on the other hand is found in the Bury St. Edmunds Citizen which is probably aimed at the people who live in the town of Bury St. Edmunds where news like that in this article would probably be big in the town, but not many other places. This means that the article from the Metro has been written in an interesting and emotive style, but is condensed to a size that can be read quite quickly. It also contains just the basic facts about what happened, backed up by good interviews. The other article on the other hand is about the same length, but contains a lot of information on what happened, backed up by fairly short interviews with the people involved. This more long-winded style is probably better suited to an article of this nature. The final effect on the articles is that Inches from tragedy is interesting to anyone because of the use of language and pictures, but Firemen free bathroom tot would only be found interesting by the people of Bury St. Edmunds. However, this is probably what both articles wanted to achieve anyway, so they are both quite effective at reaching their target audience. Overall, I think that both articles are effective at getting their story across to the people intended. They both feature emotive language, a large headline, interviews and a picture. Inches from tragedy was very well put together and extremely informative. The language used and the picture are two of this article’s main strong points, but it could do with more information on what happened and how instead of the excess of interviews. Firemen free bathroom tot is also very well written and is probably aimed at being something of a comedy article. It makes the situation sound major by using lots of exagerration and emotive language. However, sometimes the language used is a bit too much for the situation, as it isn’t anywhere near as serious as the article makes out. There is also quite a bit of irrelevant information in the article, such as the child looking at the fire engine. I think the most successful of these two articles has to be Inches from  Tragedy, because it is interesting, informative and not too long. It also backs up the information given in the articles by picking out relevant quotes and sections from interviews. The other article I feel doesn’t do this as well and so it just loses out.

Sociology Essay

Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Since human behavior is shaped by social factors, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge. (Hillsman, 2006) According to Wikipedia, Methods of sociological inquiry vary. The basic goal of sociological research is to understand the social world in its many forms. Quantitative methods and qualitative methods are two main types of sociological research. Sociologists often use quantitative methods, such as social statistics or network analysis to investigate the structure of a social process or describe patterns in social relationships. Sociologists also often use qualitative methods such as focused interviews, group discussions and ethnographic methods to investigate social processes. Sociologists also use applied research methods such as evaluation research and assessment. (Social Research, 2009) Wikipedia also discusses how sociologists use the internet with sociology. The Internet can be used as a tool for research (for example, conducting online questionnaires), a discussion platform, and as a research topic. Sociology of the Internet in the broad sense includes analysis of online communities (i.e. newsgroups, social networking sites) and virtual worlds. Organizational change is catalyzed through new media like the Internet, thereby influencing social change at-large. This creates the framework for a transformation from an industrial to an informational society. Online communities can be studied statistically through network analysis and at the same time interpreted qualitatively through virtual ethnography. Social change can be studied through statistical demographics, or through the interpretation of changing messages and symbols in online media studies. (Sociology on the Internet, 2009) Sociology is broken down into two categories. The first is Macro-Sociology (aka Structuralism). The individual is born into an ongoing social system, which exists independently of and determines his or her behavior. The individual acts accordingly to the script laid down by society. The values, institutions, and culture of society shape actions and roles. These are acquired in the process of socialization. This is a very deterministic approach whereby the point of departure is whole societies and the way they determine human behavior. (Viner, 2005) The second group is Micro-Sociology (aka the Social Action Approach). A human being is capable of conscious thought and self-awareness. Human action is not simply a reaction to external stimuli, but the result of the meanings, theories, motives, and interpretations brought into a social situation by the individual. Social reality is a constantly emergent property, not something fixed and inevitable. This is a voluntary approach stressing the individual’s voluntary actions. For example, ‘freewill’ is stressed. (Viner, 2005) As for my thoughts on sociology, I believe sociology has its place. I don’t think I could ever call it a proven science. There is a great deal of theory and statistics involved in sociology. I took a statistics class at Devry University a few months ago. There was definitely a lot of data involved in statistics. However, the data was based on samples of populations and populations that had data that was always changing due to individuals/objects that were being added and subtracted from data being calculated. You could never get a definite answer in statistics due to the data that constantly changed. I see the same thing with sociology. There isn’t one theory that we as humans can call the fact that explains everything. So, therefore the theory is used to explain our concept of sociology. I’m always uneasy when the only explanations I have to explain something are a lot of theories. Below are some of the major general sociological theories (and their variants) include: Conflict theory: focuses on the ability of some groups to dominate others, or resistance to such domination. Ethnomethodology: examines how people make sense out of social life in the process of living it as if each was a researcher engaged in inquiry. Feminist theory: focuses on how male dominance of society has shaped social life. Functionalism: A major theoretical perspective which focuses on how elements of society need to work together to have a fully functioning whole. Interpretative sociology: This theoretical perspective, based in the work of Max Weber, proposes that social, economic and historical research can never be fully empirical or descriptive as one must always approach it with a conceptual apparatus. Social constructionism: is a sociological theory of knowledge that considers how social phenomena develop in particular social contexts. Social phenomenology: The social phenomenology of Alfred Schà ¼tz influenced the development of social constructionism and ethnomethodology. Social positivism: Social Positivists believe that social processes should be studied in terms of cause and effect using the scientific method. Structural functionalism: also known as a social systems paradigm addresses what functions various elements of the social system perform in regard to the entire system. Symbolic interactionism: examines how shared meanings and social patterns are developed in the course of social interactions. o Dramaturgical perspective a specialized symbolic interactionism paradigm developed by Erving Goffman, seeing life as a performance Rational choice theory: models social behavior as the interaction of utility maximizing individuals. (Social theory, 2009) As I was saying, there are way too many theories that sociologists use to try to explain the social science of sociology. Humans have lived on this planet for a little over 7000 years and all we have are theories to explain sociology. There aren’t enough absolutes! I’m not saying that progress isn’t being made; I just think we should have more facts than theories. Hillsman, Sally (February 18, 2006). What is sociology?. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from Asanet.org Web site: asanet.org/cs/root/topnav/sociologists/what_is_sociology Sociology of the Internet. (2009, January 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 01:46, January 14, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_the_Internetoldid=262222577 Social research. (2009, January 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 01:47, January 14, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_researcholdid=261612037 Viner, David (2005). Brief introduction to the sociological perspectives on society. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from hewett.norfolk.sch.uk Web site: hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/CURRIC/soc/TM/intro.htm Viner, David (2005). Map of sociological theory. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from hewett.norfolk.sch.uk Web site: hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/CURRIC/soc/Theory.htm Social theory. (2009, January 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:30, January 14, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_theoryoldid=263455519 Research Papers on Sociology EssaySociology is a ScienceGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianIslamic Fundamentalism Replaces CommunismHas the British Welfare System beenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDeontological Teleological TheoriesCo-Educational vs. Single Sex SchoolsPoverty, Violence and Conflict How are they Related?Joel Kovel’s The Enemy of NatureThe Colour Purple

Preferred Abbreviation for United States (US or U.S.)

Preferred Abbreviation for United States (US or U.S.) Even though the question of how to abbreviate  the  United States seems straightforward, as it happens, theres more than one preferred way to write it. But before getting into that, lets get it out of the way first to note that if your usage of the country name is a noun, spell it out rather than abbreviating it. If its an adjective, then how to do so becomes the question. (And obviously, if youre writing something formal, youll want to follow the style guide to which  youre assigned to adhere.) Use Periods In general, newspaper style guides  in the United States (in particular, the Associated Press Stylebook (AP) and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage) recommend U.S. (periods, no space).  The American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual, which is used for writing academic papers, agrees about using the periods. In headlines under AP style, however, its  postal style US (no periods). And the abbreviated form of United States of America is USA (no periods).   Dont Use Periods- Sometimes Scientific style guides say to omit periods in capitalized abbreviations; thus render them  US  and USA (no periods, no spaces).  The Chicago Manual of Style (2017) agrees- but Chicago allows for exceptions: Use no periods with abbreviations that appear in full capitals, whether two letters or more and even if lowercase letters appear within the abbreviation: VP, CEO, MA, MD, PhD, UK, US, NY, IL (but see the next rule).In publications using traditional state abbreviations, use periods to abbreviate United States and its states and territories: U.S., N.Y., Ill. Note, however, that Chicago recommends using the two-letter postal codes (and therefore US) wherever abbreviations are used. So what to do? Choose either U.S. or US  for the piece youre writing and then stick with it, or follow the guidance that your instructor, publisher, or client prefers. As long as youre consistent in usage, neither way will look like an error. Legal Citations in Bibliographies, Footnotes, Etc. If youre using Chicago style and have legal-context citations in your bibliography, reference list, footnotes, or endnotes, youll use periods, such as in Supreme Court decisions, statute numbering, and the like. For example, when a law is incorporated into the United States Code, it has a U.S.C. designation, such as here, in this example note from Chicago: Homeland Security Act of 2002, 6 U.S.C.  § 101 (2012). In the case of Supreme Court decisions, theyre attributed to the  United States Reports  (abbreviated U.S.), like in this note: Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 322. Next, a  note referencing the U.S. Constitution is abbreviated U.S. Const. British Style Guidance Note that British style guides  recommend US (no periods, no space) in all cases: Do not use full points in abbreviations, or spaces between initials, including those in proper names: US, mph, eg, 4am, Ibw, MS, No 10, AN Wilson, WH Smith, etc. (Guardian Style, 2010). Because American and British styles differ, notes Amy Einsohn, CBE [Scientific Style and Format: The CE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers] recommends eliminating periods in most abbreviations as the most efficient way to create an international style (The Copyeditors Handbook, 2007).

Low Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Low Risk - Essay Example Benedict†). These two examples illustrate the idea of simplicity. The choices for food and clothing are kept to a bare minimum in order to ensure that a monk is able to keep his mind on spiritual matters. Rules and simplicity also apply to the matter of sleeping: â€Å"They shall sleep separately in separate bed†¦a candle shall always be burning†¦they shall sleep clothed†¦they shall not have their knives at their sides while they sleep†(â€Å"The Rules of St. Benedict†). It is fair to assume that St. Benedict decided on this type of orderly and simple life for the monks because it proved to be the most effective way of keeping a person dedicated to their spirituality. Having freedom and choices can open the door to temptations and a focus on worldly things. By creating a certain set of rules and by creating a very simply existence, the monks are better able to grow and maintain their spiritual lives which, as monks, is meant to be their focus in the first place. St Benedict realized, however, that monks were human and that, in being human, there was the possibility for failure, so these rules were meant to make their life somewhat easier and less

Project Sponsorship And Decentralization Of Decision Making Assignment

Project Sponsorship And Decentralization Of Decision Making - Assignment Example It creates a condition whereby internal support is recognized, and all the customers have an executive way of communication. The sponsor's and project manager's names are while making project proposals and hence chances of going through are high. Sponsors are very helpful in the launch of projects since they help in making decisions on staffing and priorities in the project. Project sponsors increase the commitment of the managers to the project and hence minimizes the probability of the project failing. The project sponsors help in decision making in projects and hence the managers and the rest of the team will work towards success. Project managers are required to report to project sponsors and therefore managers will encourage communication with other team members so as to have details of all that is taking place. The pressure on the managers leads to the success of the project. Decentralization of decision making is paramount if the executives are willing to empower the project t eam. All the team members must be allowed to participate in decision making. The managers must be willing to help other line managers in areas that they find difficult. There must be shared accountability within the organization. Any faults should be taken as organization failures rather than personal failures. The kind of leadership in the organization should be team leadership rather than a project manager centered leadership. The organization must be willing to share authority and power among project and line managers.

Electric Fan Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electric Fan Industry - Case Study Example Unfortunately, a relevant data could not be found and had to use a monthly production by organized sector since 2000 A.D. Anyway, this study will be analyzed to allow the manager to make a decision to choose which method is better in decision making. The methods in question involve regression, and additive and multiplicative. After thorough scrutiny of all the methods, it was concluded that regression model was the most efficient method due to less errors. In order to reach this conclusion, a myriad of analysis tools such as, StatTools 6, MS Solver, were used in the analysis of sample data and results using spreadsheets. The Bhagyanagar Fans Limited Company has been experiencing a reduction in the components supply by many units in the last peak season. So, the association decided to do something about it by hiring Ravi Kumar as a market research executive to come forward with a model that will stop the company from losing money and help them better understand the short term demand pattern. But according to David W. Stockburger, in order to make this forecast, or the info which needs to be predicted, must be obtained from some kind of sample data, then transform this information into the predicted. The young executive, Ravi Kumar, despite his unsuccessful research data, was accepting the challenge to work with the only available data he could find, the monthly production from 2000 A.D., in order to come up with a short term forecast for the next six months as requested by the owner, MR. Tibrewala. Different tools were used in the analysis of the electric fans production such as, MS Excel Solver, and StatTools 6 to determine the best forecasting model where the properties of regression, additive and multiplicative models were discussed. After all of these models were analyzed using the historical data, the trend and the seasonality which had the most impact on the data. The regression model

A pizzeria business plan

A pizzeria business plan Executive Summary This is a business plan for a Pizzeria based on producing a differentiated product in a premium location. The objective is to differentiate the operation from any other restaurant operation based on the concept of superior quality food based on the exclusive use of premium natural ingredients for every element of the product delivered from a conventional cheese and tomato pizza to the unique menu items. At the same time the operation is such that its environmental footprint is minimized and it operates in a manner that maximizes social responsibility in every facet of its operation. Pricing relative to other Pizzerias will be premium, but compared to most of the restaurants in the same quality bracket very competitive. The longer-term plan will involve additional Sofian Eat restaurants on either an owned or franchised basis or a combination of the two. This initial plan is for the pilot operation, which will serve as a model for future openings of Sofian Eat. Essentials to success The planned operation is a restaurant. The underlying keys to successful restaurant operation are good food served in a clean and pleasant atmosphere. These are a ‘given in any successful restaurant, but in themselves are not sufficient to create any great success. â€Å"Positioning is an underleveraged restaurant marketing component. Positioning is the place you hold in the customers or prospects mind relative to the competition (the cheaper choice, the higher quality choice, et cetera). Effective positioning involves incorporation of your Unique Selling Proposition (U.S.P.).†[1] (Quantified Marketing Group, 2010) In Sofian Eat success will depend on creating a unique â€Å"product† based on the publics concern for the environment and the wholesomeness of food. This will be incorporated into a unique ambiance and menu that will provide a dining experience that hopefully customers will enjoy and wish to repeat. An important element in the overall concept is that because Sofian Eats is dedicated to concepts concerning the environment and natural food, which the client is aware of and approve, they will have an underlying â€Å"good feeling† about what they are doing when they enjoy a meal at Sofian Eats. In Principles of Marketing Dr. Philip Kotler uses the fast food industry as an example of marketing being used to sell. â€Å"Shoddy, harmful or unsafe products†, and bemoans the fact that this American approach to restaurant marketing is catching on in Europe.[2] The marketing approach used in this project is unashamedly copied from another American Company, Ben Jerrys Ice Cream that takes a totally opposite approach.[3] While not as successful as McDonalds, Ben Jerrys built a business from a single tiny location to a major company and the founders finally sold the company to Unilever in 2000. 1.0 Terms of Reference 1.1 To 1.2 From These three items are not ordinarily a part of a business plan, and I am not totally clear on what is wanted here. Clearly, I cannot fill in â€Å"to and from†. I suspect that the three items involves only a few words with the possible exception of â€Å"terms of reference†. I will gladly write something for you about this as a revision if you can tell me what it is supposed to do. Thanks. Your writer 1.3 Business Plan (Sofian Eat) The plan is for a pilot restaurant in what is hoped will become a chain or franchise operation in the long term. This plan is based entirely on the pilot project and does not include any discussion of possible future developments or expansion into additional locations. Decisions concerning this will be made based on the success of the pilot project and what is learned by operating what is planned as a unique style of restaurant operation. 1.4 Date handed in The due date of the project is 18 March 2010. 2.0 findings The research findings are based on the work of Kivela, Inbakaran and Reece[4] and Quantified Marketing Group[5], which seem to support each other closely. The consensus is that restaurant marketing is difficult, and to be successful requires very careful research and analysis. A part of the problem is that restaurateurs are just that and not professional marketers. They know how to operate a restaurant but are not ordinarily knowledgeable in modern marketing techniques. This can be considered a positive element as it potentially provides an entrepreneur that is trained in marketing a competitive advantage. The suggestion is that conventional marketing using mass media is not practical while so called neighbourhood marketing is. Invest marketing funds in persuading customers to spend more per check and return more often. 2.1 Market research The questionnaire and research approach were based on the work of Clark and Wood.[6] (Clark Wood, 1999) Their work implies that the quality, range and type of food are key determinants in consumer loyalty. Their work also suggested the nature of the target clientele of the operation. A summary of the finding of the limited sample of 25 street interviews in the target neighborhood is presented below. The questionnaire is included as an appendix. What we see in the market research is a demographic pattern that is almost ideal and emphasis on the quality of the food and variety of menu offerings as criteria for restaurant selection. The emphasis on the mid price range and above is also the target market sought. There was no pattern in the response to favorite restaurant with only one being mentioned twice and the others all individual choices. The most common response to the why is it your favorite centered on the combination of good food and pleasant atmosphere. The only surprise is that five respondents indicated that a personal relationship with the proprietor was an important factor. 2.2 Location 142 Cowan Street, Kensington, London SW1. (This is obviously a fictitious street location) 2.3 Competition The competition broadly defined is any and every restaurant or eating establishment in London, and eventually anywhere a Sofian Eat is opened. What is planned is the creation of a unique â€Å"niche† where the competition will be limited or non-existent. 2.4 Objectives mission statement The Mission of Sofian Eat is threefold: The social mission is to operate the company in a manner that recognizes the role played by businesses in society. It will facilitate this goal by developing original and innovative approaches to improve the quality of life in the areas in which it operates The product mission is to produce the finest quality all natural pizza and innovative new culinary creations. The commitment of the business is to incorporate only wholesome natural ingredients and promote business and culinary practices that respect the earth and the environment. The Economic Mission is to operate the business on a sustainable financial basis of profitable growth and expansion. This will increase the values for stakeholders while it expands opportunities for the development and career growth of the companys employees.[7] 2.5 Business name The business name will be Sofian Eat 2.6 Legal Structure The initial public structure will be a corporate structure created with the longer-term objective of selling shares in a public offering at some point down the road. 2.7 Marketing Plan The marketing plan will be based entirely on product differentiation. Any attempt to create a marketing plan based on price competition in conventional pizza or Italian food is doomed to be at best a â€Å"me too† operation. There is no shortage of pizzerias or ethnic restaurants in London or almost anywhere else. The underlying marketing plan is based almost entirely on differentiating the product and the restaurants in which it is served from the competition in terms of the restaurants dà ©cor and ambiance and the menu. The long term objective is to create a â€Å"brand† that will be difficult to duplicate and will present an immediate â€Å"picture† in the mind of the consumer when they think Sofian Eat. The fact that this operation will have a formal marketing plan is in itself a competitive advantage. A marketing consulting company, Quantified Marketing Group, has an extensive and professional discussion of restaurant marketing tactics. While there is little relevant academic research on restaurant marketing this source is a good substitute. They discuss exactly the topics underlying this project such as branding, positioning, differentiation and segmentation.[8] 2.7.1 Marketing USPs The marketing Unique Selling Propositions will include the concept that everything provided on the menu is created from wholesome natural products and produced and served in a way that is at least environmentally neutral and hopefully environmentally positive. For example, the take out pizza boxes will be made of recycled paper and biodegradable. The layout and ambiance of the restaurant will contribute further to the concept of a USP. A further USP will be menu items that are unusual and unique. For example, Sushi Pizza will be sushi served on a crisp pizza dough â€Å"platter† with individual items arranged artistically on small segments as finger food. Kebab pizza will be thin sliced roasted lamb with fresh vegetable bits and yogurt sauce. While these may not be huge volume items they will help differentiate Sofian Eat from the competition. They also emphasize the wholesome ingredients aspect of the menu. A further differentiation will be the offer of two dining rooms, one for adult dining and one for family dining with children. The ambiance will be different, and the family dining area will offer a special menu for families featuring offering that will particularly appeal to children in addition to the menu offered in the adult section. In his book Marketing Management Philip Kotler emphasizes that a USP can vary from segment to segment, but the key is that it amounts to formulating a benefit, motivation, identification or reason why the audience should think about or investigate the product.[9] 2.7.2 Marketing segmentation Obviously, any restaurant wants to appeal to the widest possible array of potential clients. Sofian Eat is aimed primarily at a relatively young and affluent audience with some refinement of taste. This would encompass singles, families with children from toddler to teens, and some older and middle-aged clients that enjoy dining out. As a pizzeria, pricing would be at the upper end of the scale of pizza restaurants, but not premium priced. If pricing were compared on comparable items, for example a 30-cm. pizza with onion, garlic, mushroom, cheese and tomato sauce the premium would be a pound or two. Conversely, the sushi pizza would be a relatively expensive item compared to most pizza products, and the kebab pizza would be several pounds more than a pizza bolognaise in the typical pizzeria. In an attempt to widen the potential market Sofian Eat would offer a variety of additional menu choices outside of the typical Italian offerings of spaghetti and Lasagna. The wine list would also have an extensive variety of quality offerings appropriately priced. 2.7.3 Product The product is the key to the potential of Sofian Eat. The insistence on pure wholesome ingredients without any chemical contaminants or preservatives is the first requirement for a differentiated product. Cooking over natural wood fires and in wood burning brick ovens is another element. Using these natural products to create innovative menu offerings such as the sushi pizza is another product innovation. Product is the ultimate key to branding and product positioning. It is the objective to convince the customer that food made of wholesome natural ingredients and prepared in an environmentally friendly or at least neutral manner is both better tasting and healthier than the alternatives offered by the competition. â€Å"Positioning is the place you hold in the customers or prospects mind relative to the competition†[10] It is also the key to branding. â€Å"Brand-building is closing the gap between what you promise and what you deliver. A strong brand is one that has alignm ent between the promise and execution.†[11] The product and product quality is the foundation of a successful restaurant brand. 2.7.4 Pricing In spite of the insistence on ingredient quality, the menu model would try to keep food costs to less than 30% of menu item price. It is envisioned that menu prices will be above pizzeria averages, but still modest compared to up-scale restaurants. They would be in keeping with the income of the target market of middle to upper income clientele. 2.7.5 Promotion Restaurant promotion is a complex subject. Initially, it has to be aimed at getting diners through the door and to a table for the first time. This is however the most expensive and least effective forms of promotion. Research has shown that new customer acquisition is 7-10 times as expensive as building sales through increasing frequency, party size and check average. Because Sofian Eat is initially at least a neighborhood restaurant, flyers, local billboards and similar media are more appropriate and hopefully more effective. A sidewalk food sample give away is a tool that has been carefully considered and is deemed worthy of an experimental effort. 2.7.6 Place The initial restaurant will be located in Kensington, London. While Kensington is a high cost and highly competitive area it also has the affluent clientele that Sofian Eat is targeting. It also has relatively high foot traffic and high rent is offset by high visibility. This is closely associated with promotion as discussed above. 2.8 Finance 2.8.1 Sources Initial investment will come from the resources of the founders and a few selected outside investors. As the operation envisioned will be fairly extensive, involve a high rent location, and will probably be cash flow negative for some months at least, substantial initial funds are required. Based on the expected success of the pilot operation in a high visibility neighborhood expansion of additional restaurants emulating the first one is considered as part of the plan. This would require substantial external financing and a public offering to finance this is anticipated. 2.8.2 Cash Flow The companys cash position is based on an equity contribution of  £1,000,000 and borrowings of  £2,000,000 repayable over 10 years starting in year 3. The company is expected to pass the break even point late in its second year of operation and obviously the cash position will deteriorate continuously to this point. It would drop to somewhere in the vicinity of  £100,000 or a bit more prior to the projected passing of the break-even point in the second half of year 2. It should improve to the point where the first payment of  £200,000 on the debt could be handled without problem in year 3. 2.8.3 Profit and Loss accounts The company is projected to loose money in its first two years with the break-even point reach in the second half of year 2. Food cost is projected to drop progressively as volume increases as a result of volume purchasing and lower waste as volume grows. In the model revenues from food and beverage sales are combined, as are their costs. Rent is based on a restaurant of 700 sq. meters with rent of  £1,200 per meter per year or  £70,000 per month,  £840,000 per year. The projected lease is for 10 years with no provision for rent increases in that period. Depreciation is based on the investment of  £1,200,000 in fixtures, dà ©cor and equipment with the depreciation based on the 10-year initial lease with a zero residual value. Selling, general and administrative and other expenses are estimated with more detailed budgeting at a later point. The tax rate is arbitrarily set at 36% over the entire period of the projection. This should prove to be conservative. In fact, in the th ree years included in the projection no tax will be due in the first two years on operating losses and in year 3 any tax due would be more than offset by loss carry forwards. The Personnel cost is based on the Personnel Model included in the financial statements show as appendices. 2.8.4 Balance Sheet The projected balance sheet presented is simplistic. The only current asset is actually cash and some small quantity of inventory. The Liabilities would be accruals of the SGA and operating expense and payroll costs. In the balance sheet model they are show as exactly offsetting current assets other than cash for the sake of simplicity. Effectively, working capital would be the cash position. In practice, the loan might well be taken down in tranches as required. Equity is shown as negative by the end of year 1 and remains negative throughout the three years projected. It would turn positive at some point in year 4 based on the projected income of over  £250,000 in year three and still growing. 2.9 Organization 2.9.1 Structure The organization of a restaurant is fixed in that there is the â€Å"front of the house†, the tables and bar where patrons are served and the â€Å"back of the house† or the kitchen. The Maitre de Hotel or headwaiter that supervises the wait staff and seats patrons runs the â€Å"front of the house†. The kitchen is obviously run by the Chef who in addition to being responsible for the recipes supervises all the actions of the kitchen staff and is responsible for purchasing the ingredients. There is a manager and assistants who are responsible for the overall operation and supervision of the till. The general manager would also be responsible for keeping records and payment of accruals and salaries.[12] 2.9.2 Motivation Virtually every text on restaurant and hotel management stresses the importance of training for the staff. Motivation is a key element in this training process. In a restaurant operation one of the obvious keys is the quality of the chef. He might be compensated on a profit sharing basis that also reflects the relationship of food cost to food revenues. In practice, the service staff is compensated in large part by tips that reflect the quality of their service and their attitudes. Motivation is not usually a problem in this area. For the other members of the staff training, fair treatment and recognition of good performance should provide the level of motivation necessary.[13] 3.0 Conclusion 3.1 Strengths The key elements that are expected to contribute to success are the differentiation of product based on the exclusive use of natural and wholesome ingredients. This combined with a prime location, attractive dà ©cor and the use of separate facilities for patrons with and without children are the elements that make Sofian Eat a unique and attractive dining experience. The underlying approach is to build a marketing plan based on product differentiation. Restaurants all serve food, and basically food is food. It does vary in quality and presentation. Sofian Eat is certainly not the only restaurant to serve premium quality food, but it is hoped that the presentation and menu combined with good value will build a solid business. 3.2 Weaknesses The most serious weaknesses as this plan is being prepared are the world economic situation, the number of strong competitors in the selected location, and the very high cost of the desirable location. The economic situation, which has produced high unemployment in the UK, has impacted the traffic of the restaurant industry as potential patrons close their pocketbooks. This is at odds with the continued premium rents commanded for prime locations. The timing of the opening is possibly the most serious weakness of the plan. 4.0 Evaluation 4.1 Internal The internal elements that are of greatest importance are the ability of the operation to differentiate itself from the many other restaurants in London based on the menu, the quality and presentation of the product, and the ambiance of the operation. It is essential that dining at Sofian Eat is a very special experience. This will result from the ability of the management to produce an operation that is superior in all respects from the opening day. The standard of every facet of the operation must be â€Å"perfection†. While this is obviously unattainable, the deviations from this standard must be few and far between. This will be the element that makes the operation a success in spite of economic difficult or strong competition. 4.2 External The primary external question is the economic situation and the recovery of the United Kingdom economy. There are no other particular external factors that will influence Sofian Eat any differently than they do any other restaurant operation. The economic situation makes the situation difficult for almost any business and starting a new business will be particularly difficult base on it. References Ben Jerrys. (2010). Ben Jerrys Mission. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from http://www.benjerry.com/activism/mission-statement/ Clark, M., Wood, R. (1999). Consumer loyalty in the restaurant industry: A preliminary exploration of the issues. British Food Journal, 101(4), 317-327. Kivela, J., Inbakaran, R., Reece, J. (2000). Consumer research in the restaurant environment. Part 3: analysis, findings and conclusions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(1), 13-30. Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing Management (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Wong, V., Saunders, J. (2008). Principles of Marketing. Essex, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. Quantified Marketing Group. (2010). Restaurant Marketing Tactics. Retrieved March 16, 2010, from http://www.quantifiedmarketing.com/learning_center/restaurant-marketing.php